Quran Learning

The Hurooful Madd letters are:

اوي

MADDUL ASLI – The Original Elongation of 2 Harakah (Qasr – shortness)

Alif (ا) is one of the letters of Madd when it is preceded by a Fathah (َ)
Waw (و) is one of the letters of Madd when it is preceded by a Dammah (ُ)
Yaa (ي ) is one of the letters of Madd when it is preceded by a Kasrah (ِ)

Examples:

قَالَ إِنَّهُۥ يَقُولُ إِنَّهَا بَقَرَةٌ لَّا ذَلُولٌ تُثِيرُ ٱلْأَرْضَ وَلَا تَسْقِى ٱلْحَرْثَ

وَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ فَيَقُولُونَ مَاذَآ أَرَادَ ٱللَّهُ بِهَٰذَا مَثَلًا

وَلِلْكَٰفِرِينَ عَذَابٌ مُّهِينٌ

MADDUL MUTTASIL – The joined madd
When a Hurooful Madd letter (اوي) is followed by a Hamza (ء) in the same word, the Madd is known as Maddul Muttasil. The length of recitation of the Maddul Muttasil should be Tul (lengthy). i.e. 4 to 6 Harakaat long (4-6 second duration)

Examples:

إِذَا جَآءَ نَصْرُ ٱللَّهِ وَٱلْفَتْحُ

إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ سَوَآءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ ءَأَنذَرْتَهُمْ

وَمَن يَعْمَلْ سُوٓءًا أَوْ يَظْلِمْ نَفْسَهُۥ ثُمَّ يَسْتَغْفِرِ ٱللَّهَ يَجِدِ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا

وَيُفْسِدُونَ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ ۙ أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ لَهُمُ ٱللَّعْنَةُ وَلَهُمْ سُوٓءُ ٱلدَّارِ

فَإِن طِبْنَ لَكُمْ عَن شَىْءٍ مِّنْهُ نَفْسًا فَكُلُوهُ هَنِيٓـًٔا مَّرِيٓـًٔا

وَجِا۟ىٓءَ يَوْمَئِذٍۭ بِجَهَنَّمَ

MADDUL MUNFASIL – The detached
If a word ends in one of the Hurooful Madd letters (اوي) and the following word begins with a Hamza (ء) then that Madd is known as Maddul Munfasil. The length of recitation of the Maddul Munfasil will be Tawassut (intermediate). i.e. 3 to 5 Harakaat (3-5 second duration)

Examples:

إِنَّآ أَعْطَيْنَٰكَ ٱلْكَوْثَرَ

إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَٰهُ فِى لَيْلَةِ ٱلْقَدْرِ

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ قُوٓا۟ أَنفُسَكُمْ وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا وَقُودُهَا

وَٱعْلَمُوٓا۟ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِىٓ أَنفُسِكُمْ فَٱحْذَرُوهُ

وَفِىٓ أَنفُسِكُمْ

وَلَوْ عَلَىٰٓ أَنفُسِكُمْ

MADDUL LAAZIM – Compulsory
It is imperative to pronounce the Huroof Muqatta Aat letters which appear at the beginning of a Surah. This Madd is called Maddul Laazim. The length of recitation of Maddul Laazim will be Tul (lengthy). i.e. 6 Harakaat long (6 second duration).

Examples:

كٓهيعٓصٓ

قٓ ۚ وَٱلْقُرْءَانِ ٱلْمَجِيدِ

نٓ ۚ وَٱلْقَلَمِ وَمَا يَسْطُرُونَ

حمٓ

الٓمٓ

عٓسٓقٓ

MADDUL AARIDH – The abrupt stop
If after any Hurooful Madd letter (اوي) there appears a Saakin (ْ ) which is caused by a Waqaf (stop) then such a Madd is known as Maddul Aaridh. The length of recitation of the Maddul Aaridh will be tawassut (intermediate). i.e. 2 to 5 Harakaat long. (2-5 second duration).

Examples:

وَمَن لَّا يُجِبْ دَاعِىَ ٱللَّهِ فَلَيْسَ بِمُعْجِزٍ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَلَيْسَ لَهُۥ مِن دُونِهِۦٓ أَوْلِيَآءُ

وَقِيلَ هَٰذَا ٱلَّذِى كُنتُم بِهِۦ تَدَّعُونَ

فَوَيْلٌ لِّلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِن مَّشْهَدِ يَوْمٍ عَظِيمٍ

A raa (ر) with a Fathah (َ) or Dammah (ُ) on it should be pronounced with a full mouth

رَ

فَمَا رَبِحَت تِّجَٰرَتُهُمْ

رُ

كَيْفَ تَكْفُرُونَ بِٱللَّهِ وَكُنتُمْ أَمْوَٰتًا فَأَحْيَٰكُمْ

A raa (ر) with a Kasrah (ِ) should be pronounced with an empty mouth.

رِ

ذَٰلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ عِندَ بَارِئِكُمْ فَتَابَ عَلَيْكُمْ

رِ

ثُمَّ يُحَرِّفُونَهُۥ مِنۢ بَعْدِ مَا عَقَلُوهُ وَهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ

If a Fathah (َ) or Dammah (ُ) appears before a Raa Saakin (رْ), the Raa Saakin will be pronounced with a full mouth

َ رْ

وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ فِى سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ وَكَانَ عَرْشُهُۥ

ُ رْ

وَإِنَّكَ لَمِنَ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ

ِ رْ

أَمْ لَمْ تُنذِرْهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ

If a Shaddah (ّ) appears on the letter Raa (ر) and has either a Fathah (َ) or Dammah (ُ) it will be pronounced with a full mouth.

رَّ

لَّيْسَ ٱلْبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّوا۟ وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ ٱلْمَشْرِقِ وَٱلْمَغْرِبِ وَلَٰكِنَّ ٱلْبِرَّ

رُّ

وَمَآ أَظُنُّ ٱلسَّاعَةَ قَآئِمَةً وَلَئِن رُّدِدتُّ

If a Shaddah (ّ) appears on the letter Raa (ر) and has a Kasrah (ِ), it will be pronounced with an empty mouth.

رِّ

مِن شَرِّ مَا خَلَقَ

رِّ

وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلنُّجُومَ لِتَهْتَدُوا۟ بِهَا فِى ظُلُمَٰتِ ٱلْبَرِّ وَٱلْبَحْرِ

When a Yaa Saakin (يْ) appears before a Raa Mouquf and the letter preceding the Yaa Saakin has a Kasrah (ِ), then the Raa (ر) will be recited with an empty mouth.

ِ يْ

وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ

ِ يْ

وَمَن يَزِغْ مِنْهُمْ عَنْ أَمْرِنَا نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابِ ٱلسَّعِيرِ

ِ يْ

إِنَّهُۥ هُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلْبَصِيرُ

ِ يْ

وَٱلزُّبُرِ وَٱلْكِتَٰبِ ٱلْمُنِيرِ

When a letter other than a Yaa Saakin (يْ) appears before a Raa Mauquf, and the letter has a Sukoon ( ْ) on it and the letter preceding it has either a Fathah (َ) or Dammah (ُ) on it, then the Raa (ر) will be recited with a full mouth.

َ بْ

وَتَوَاصَوْا۟ بِٱلْحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوْا۟ بِٱلصَّبْرِ

ُ سْ

إِنَّ ٱلْإِنسَٰنَ لَفِى خُسْرٍ

When after a Noon Saakin (نْ) or Tanween (ًٌٍ) there appear any of the Huroof Halqiyah letters (throat letters) then it will be pronounced without Ghunna (no nasalization)

The letters of Huroof Halqiyah are:

حخعغءه

Examples:

وَكَانُوا۟ يَنْحِتُونَ مِنَ ٱلْجِبَالِ بُيُوتًا ءَامِنِينَ

وَكُلَا مِنْهَا رَغَدًا حَيْثُ شِئْتُمَا وَلَا تَقْرَبَا

وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ شِقَاقَ بَيْنِهِمَا فَٱبْعَثُوا۟ حَكَمًا مِّنْ أَهْلِهِۦ وَحَكَمًا مِّنْ أَهْلِهَآ

إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا خَبِيرًا

أَنَّهُۥ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنكُمْ سُوٓءًۢا بِجَهَٰلَةٍ ثُمَّ تَابَ

وَإِذَا جَآءَكَ ٱلَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِـَٔايَٰتِنَا فَقُلْ سَلَٰمٌ عَلَيْكُمْ

وَنَزَعْنَا مَا فِى صُدُورِهِم مِّنْ غِلٍّ تَجْرِى مِن تَحْتِهِمُ ٱلْأَنْهَٰرُ

إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَزِيزٌ غَفُورٌ

ء / ا

مِنْ أَجْلِ ذَٰلِكَ كَتَبْنَا عَلَىٰ بَنِىٓ إِسْرَٰٓءِيلَ أَنَّهُۥ مَن قَتَلَ نَفْسًۢا

ء / ا

كِتَٰبٌ أَنزَلْنَٰهُ إِلَيْكَ مُبَٰرَكٌ لِّيَدَّبَّرُوٓا۟ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ وَلِيَتَذَكَّرَ أُو۟لُوا۟ ٱلْأَلْبَٰبِ

وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى ٱلْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ ٱلْمُنكَرِ

وَلِكُلِّ قَوْمٍ هَادٍ

When after a Noon Saakin ((نْ) or Tanween (ًٌٍ) the letter Ba (ب) appears, then the Noon Saakin or Tanween will become substituted by a small Meem Saakin (مْ) and will be recited with Ghunna.

Examples:

نْ

ٱلَّذِينَ يَنقُضُونَ عَهْدَ ٱللَّهِ مِنۢ بَعْدِ مِيثَٰقِهِۦ وَيَقْطَعُونَ

نْ

فَمَنۢ بَدَّلَهُۥ بَعْدَمَا سَمِعَهُۥ فَإِنَّمَآ إِثْمُهُۥ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ يُبَدِّلُونَهُۥٓ

صُمٌّۢ بُكْمٌ عُمْىٌ فَهُمْ لَا يَرْجِعُونَ

وَإِن تَفْعَلُوا۟ فَإِنَّهُۥ فُسُوقٌۢ بِكُمْ

Idghaam refers to the assimilation of one letter into the other. The rule of Idghaam will apply when the letters ومني are preceded by a Noon Saakin (نْ) or Tanween (ًٌٍ). The emphasis will be on the succeeding letter because of the presence of a Shaddah ( ّ) and will be read with Ghunna. The nasalization should not exceed the duration of two harakah. (2-3 second duration).

Examples:

إِن يَقُولُونَ إِلَّا كَذِبًا

جَنَّٰتُ عَدْنٍ يَدْخُلُونَهَا وَمَن صَلَحَ مِنْ ءَابَآئِهِمْ وَأَزْوَٰجِهِمْ

وَمَن يَرْغَبُ عَن مِّلَّةِ إِبْرَٰهِۦمَ إِلَّا مَن سَفِهَ نَفْسَهُۥ

وَيَقُولُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ لَوْلَآ أُنزِلَ عَلَيْهِ ءَايَةٌ مِّن رَّبِّهِۦ

فَلَا مَرَدَّ لَهُۥ ۚ وَمَا لَهُم مِّن دُونِهِۦ مِن وَالٍ

إِنَّ ٱلْمُتَّقِينَ فِى جَنَّٰتٍ وَعُيُونٍ

وَمَا كَانَ لَنَآ أَن نَّأْتِيَكُم بِسُلْطَٰنٍ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ ٱللَّهِ

فَيَقُولُ ٱلَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا۟ رَبَّنَآ أَخِّرْنَآ إِلَىٰٓ أَجَلٍ قَرِيبٍ نُّجِبْ دَعْوَتَكَ وَنَتَّبِعِ ٱلرُّسُلَ

With regard to the letters Laam (ل) and Raa (ر), the Idghaam will be without Ghunna, but assimilation takes place.

Examples:

قَالَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ لِلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ أَنُطْعِمُ مَن لَّوْ يَشَآءُ ٱللَّهُ أَطْعَمَهُۥٓ

هُدًى لِّلْمُتَّقِينَ

أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ عَلَىٰ هُدًى مِّن رَّبِّهِمْ

إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ

يَعْلَمُونَ ظَٰهِرًا مِّنَ ٱلْحَيَوٰةِ ٱلدُّنْيَا وَهُمْ عَنِ ٱلْءَاخِرَةِ هُمْ غَٰفِلُونَ

كَأَنَّهُم بُنْيَٰنٌ مَّرْصُوصٌ

وَنَخِيلٌ صِنْوَانٌ وَغَيْرُ صِنْوَانٍ يُسْقَىٰ بِمَآءٍ وَٰحِدٍ وَنُفَضِّلُ

وَمِنَ ٱلنَّخْلِ مِن طَلْعِهَا قِنْوَانٌ دَانِيَةٌ وَجَنَّٰتٍ

IDGHAAM MITHLAYN (Assimilation of the same kind)
This rule applies when two letters following each other are the same. The first letter has a Saakin ( ْ) and the second letter is vocal and has a Shaddah ( ّ) on it. When reciting the letters keep in mind that the Saakin letter becomes assimilated into the letter following it

فَمَا رَبِحَت تِّجَٰرَتُهُمْ وَمَا كَانُوا۟ مُهْتَدِينَ

أَيْنَمَا تَكُونُوا۟ يُدْرِككُّمُ ٱلْمَوْتُ وَلَوْ كُنتُمْ فِى بُرُوجٍ مُّشَيَّدَةٍ

وَإِذَا جَآءُوكُمْ قَالُوٓا۟ ءَامَنَّا وَقَد دَّخَلُوا۟ بِٱلْكُفْرِ وَهُمْ قَدْ خَرَجُوا۟ بِهِ

سَأُنَبِّئُكَ بِتَأْوِيلِ مَا لَمْ تَسْتَطِع عَّلَيْهِ صَبْرًا

وَذَا ٱلنُّونِ إِذ ذَّهَبَ مُغَٰضِبًا فَظَنَّ أَن لَّن نَّقْدِرَ عَلَيْهِ فَنَادَىٰ

وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَاوَوا۟ وَّنَصَرُوٓا۟ أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلِيَآءُ بَعْضٍ

IDGHAAM MUTAQAARIBAYN (Assimilation of letters with similar origin)
This rule applies when a letter in a word is Saakin ( ْ) and the letter following it has a Shaddah ( ّ). When pronounced it appears to be close to the same place of origin as the Saakin letter. The Saakin letter will assimilate with the vocal letter when recited.

ق ك

أَلَمْ نَخْلُقكُّم مِّن مَّآءٍ مَّهِينٍ

ب م

وَكَانَ فِى مَعْزِلٍ يَٰبُنَىَّ ٱرْكَب مَّعَنَا وَلَا تَكُن مَّعَ ٱلْكَٰفِرِينَ

ل ر

وَقُل رَّبِّ أَدْخِلْنِى مُدْخَلَ صِدْقٍ وَأَخْرِجْنِى مُخْرَجَ صِدْقٍ وَٱجْعَل لِّى

ن ر

قَالَ فَمَن رَّبُّكُمَا يَٰمُوسَىٰ

IDGHAAM MUTAJAANISAYN (Assimilation of related kind)
This rule applies when a letter in a word is Saakin ( ْ) and the letter following it has a Shaddah ( ّ) and when pronounced has the same place of origin as the Saakin letter. The Saakin letter will assimilate with the vocal letter when recited

ط \ ت

لَئِنۢ بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَا۠ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لِأَقْتُلَكَ

ت \ د

قَالَ قَدْ أُجِيبَت دَّعْوَتُكُمَا فَٱسْتَقِيمَا

ذ \ ظ

وَلَوْ أَنَّهُمْ إِذ ظَّلَمُوٓا۟ أَنفُسَهُمْ جَآءُوكَ فَٱسْتَغْفَرُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ

ت \ ط

وَقَالَت طَّآئِفَةٌ مِّنْ أَهْلِ ٱلْكِتَٰبِ ءَامِنُوا۟ بِٱلَّذِىٓ أُنزِلَ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟

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